![(C74) [Uropyon (Urotan)] Milkie Strike (Strike Witches) [English] [Decensored]](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 10 10'%3E%3C/svg%3E)
(C74) [Uropyon (Urotan)] Milkie Strike (Strike Witches) [English] [Decensored]
(C74) [うろぴょん☆ (うろたん)] Milkie Strike (ストライクウィッチーズ) [英訳] [無修正]
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(C74) [うろぴょん☆ (うろたん)] Milkie Strike (ストライクウィッチーズ) [英訳] [無修正]